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    Area of Science:

    • Biophysics
    • Soft Matter Physics
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • The DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps) is crucial for bacterial DNA protection under stress.
    • The physical mechanisms and material properties of Dps:DNA condensates are not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the principles governing Dps:DNA organization and condensate formation.
    • To bridge molecular interactions with emergent mesoscale structures.

    Main Methods:

    • Coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations representing DNA as polymers and Dps as particles.
    • Flory-Huggins polymer theory for thermodynamic analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Weak Dps:DNA attraction and low concentrations yield extended, network-like structures.
    • Stronger interactions and higher concentrations lead to dense condensates with reduced DNA mobility.
    • Flory-Huggins analysis identified thermodynamic regimes controlling phase separation based on molecular interactions and solvent quality.

    Conclusions:

    • A unified microscopic and thermodynamic picture of Dps:DNA condensate formation was achieved.
    • Results advance the understanding of protein-nucleic-acid phase behavior.
    • General principles governing biomolecular condensation in soft matter systems were illustrated.