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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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What is Homeostasis?01:16

What is Homeostasis?

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Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F).
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pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Insular cortex predictions regulate glucose homeostasis.

Einav Litvak, Zhe Zhao, Inbar Perets

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    The brain

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Physiology
    • Metabolism

    Background:

    • Brain-body interactions are crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
    • Interoceptive predictions are theorized to mediate brain-body communication.
    • Direct evidence linking predictive processes to physiological regulation is limited.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the causal role of interoceptive predictions in glucose homeostasis.
    • To examine the function of the insular cortex in metabolic regulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Focused on the insular cortex and its role in glucose homeostasis.
    • Monitored insular cortex activity before meal onset.
    • Assessed the impact of insular cortex activity on insulin release and glucose/lipid metabolism.

    Main Results:

    • Insular cortex shows a predictive burst of activity before meals, anticipating metabolic state.
    • This predictive activity is critical for anticipatory and post-meal insulin release.
    • It also regulates post-meal glucose and lipid homeostasis and liver metabolic signaling.

    Conclusions:

    • Insular cortex predictive computations are essential for anticipatory physiological control.
    • These predictions maintain metabolic homeostasis after meals.
    • Highlights the brain's role in proactive regulation of bodily functions.