Bridging pathway dysfunction and therapy: novel compounds for neuroprotection

Recent finding in the field of neurodegenerative disease shows that dysregulation of signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, Wnt/β-Catenin and apoptotic regulator, mitochondrial dysfunction, play pivotal role in the progression of Alzheimer, Parkinson, and other disease. Recent research indicates that disruptions in these interrelated pathways lead to oxidative harm, mitochondrial malfunction, aberrant protein aggregates, synaptic dysfunction, and eventually neuronal death. Numerous naturally occurring bioactive substances, like as genistein, curcumin, luteolin, and others, show great promise in combating these degenerative processes. These compounds improve neuronal survival as well as functional outcomes in laboratory experiments by modulating several signaling targets, restoring PI3K-Akt-mTOR, MAPK-ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB activity, restoring mitochondrial bioenergetics, limiting apoptosis, and reducing amyloid- β, α-synuclein accumulation. Numerous natural compounds with well-defined mechanisms of the actions and multitargeted therapeutic benefits are highlighted by a comprehensive evaluation of the available data, providing reliable and more affordable substitutes for one- target synthetic medicines. Despite its potential, issues including low bioavailability and low translational success persist. Overall, the results highlight the potential of understudied phytochemicals for creating more robust therapies against the development of neurodegenerative diseases and uncover important signaling centers that can be regulated by natural substances.