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Biocrusts Are Highly Vulnerable to Multidimensional Global Change.

Dexun Qiu1, Bo Xiao1,2, Tadeo Saez-Sandino3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.

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|January 23, 2026
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Summary

Global change significantly harms biocrusts, impacting soil stability and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen addition and warming cause substantial declines in biocrust cover and chlorophyll content, threatening ecosystem functions.

Keywords:
biological soil crustglobal changemeta‐analysisnitrogen depositionprecipitationwarming

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Global Change Biology
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are crucial for soil stability and nutrient cycling, especially in drylands.
  • Their responses to global change stressors like warming, altered precipitation, and nitrogen addition are not well understood.
  • Existing data primarily comes from small-scale experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of global change stressors (warming, altered precipitation, nitrogen addition) on biocrust structural and functional traits.
  • To synthesize existing research through a meta-analysis to understand broad-scale responses.
  • To identify how different biocrust types, ecosystems, and climate zones vary in their vulnerability.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis was conducted, synthesizing 657 observations from 48 publications across 38 sites.
  • Structural traits (cover, species richness, moss biomass) and functional traits (chlorophyll content) were analyzed.
  • Responses to warming, altered precipitation, nitrogen addition, and their interactions were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Nitrogen addition caused the largest decrease in biocrust cover (-52%).
  • Warming and reduced precipitation also significantly decreased cover, with combined effects leading to greater losses (-44%).
  • Chlorophyll content declined under reduced precipitation and nitrogen addition but increased with elevated precipitation.

Conclusions:

  • Biocrusts are highly vulnerable to global change, with significant declines in cover and function observed.
  • Late-successional and cyanobacterial crusts show differential responses, with the former being more sensitive.
  • Urgent conservation efforts are needed to protect biocrusts and their vital ecosystem services.