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Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Manipulation of Rhythmic Food Intake in Mice Using a Custom-Made Feeding System
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Wheat Flour Intake Promotes Weight Gain and Metabolic Changes in Mice.

Shigenobu Matsumura1, Miona Marutani1, Eri Nousou1

  • 1Department of Nutrition, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
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Wheat flour intake promotes obesity in mice by reducing energy expenditure and altering metabolism, independent of calorie intake. Removing wheat flour reversed these negative effects on body weight and metabolic health.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Metabolic Research
  • Obesity Studies

Background:

  • Dietary factors significantly impact body weight regulation and metabolic health.
  • Understanding the specific effects of common food ingredients like wheat flour is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metabolic effects of wheat flour consumption on body weight regulation in mice.
  • To determine if wheat flour influences energy expenditure, adiposity, and key metabolic pathways.

Main Methods:

  • C57BL/6 mice were fed standard chow alongside wheat-based foods.
  • Analysis included food preference, energy expenditure, gene expression, and blood metabolite profiles.
  • Wheat flour withdrawal was assessed to observe reversibility of effects.

Main Results:

  • Mice preferred wheat-based foods, leading to significant weight gain despite similar caloric intake.
  • Wheat flour consumption decreased energy expenditure, increased adiposity, and elevated insulin and leptin levels.
  • Metabolomic analysis showed increased fatty acids and reduced essential amino acids, with upregulated lipogenic gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Wheat flour intake promotes obesity in mice by reducing energy expenditure and altering metabolic pathways, not solely due to excess calories.
  • Wheat flour is a significant dietary factor influencing energy homeostasis and body weight.
  • Reversibility of effects upon wheat flour withdrawal highlights its potent metabolic impact.