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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
Major...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Fibril-associated Collagen01:11

Fibril-associated Collagen

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Fibril-associated collagens are a type of collagens present in the extracellular matrix with interrupted triple helices or FACIT (Fibril-associated collagens interrupted triple-helices). FACIT help connect and attach the collagen fibrils with each other as well as with other proteins of the extracellular matrix.
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Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Three-Dimensional In Vitro Biomimetic Model of Neuroblastoma Using Collagen-Based Scaffolds
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Evaluating Mineral Deposition in Bone-Regenerative Collagen-Based Scaffolds Using High-Resolution microCT and 3D

Youngnam Kang1,2,3, Kaavian Shariati1,2,3, Catherine T Cascavita1,2,3

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.

Current Protocols
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a high-resolution microCT imaging protocol to precisely evaluate mineral deposition in mineralized collagen-glycosaminoglycan (MC-GAG) bone regenerative scaffolds. The method enhances characterization of biomaterials for improved bone tissue engineering.

Keywords:
3D image segmentationbone regenerationcollagen‐based scaffoldshigh‐resolution microCTmineral volume quantification

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Bone regeneration relies on complex interactions within engineered constructs.
  • Mineralized collagen-glycosaminoglycan (MC-GAG) scaffolds mimic native bone but require precise mineral evaluation.
  • Existing methods lack the fidelity to accurately assess mineral content in small scaffolds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a high-resolution microCT imaging protocol for quantitative assessment of mineral deposition in MC-GAG scaffolds.
  • To improve the characterization of bone regenerative biomaterials.
  • To support the engineering of scaffolds that better replicate native bone properties.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of MC-GAG scaffolds with subsequent cross-linking and cell culture.
  • High-resolution microCT scanning using a calibrated scanner (HiCT) with custom 3D-printed positioning racks.
  • Advanced image segmentation (e.g., in ORS Dragonfly) to differentiate mineral phases from scaffold structure.

Main Results:

  • The protocol enables nondestructive, 3D visualization of mineral distribution and density with high fidelity.
  • Minimization of motion and temperature artifacts through dynamic calibration ensures consistent imaging.
  • Quantitative analysis of mineral deposition within MC-GAG scaffolds is achieved through image segmentation.

Conclusions:

  • This integrated workflow provides a reproducible framework for characterizing mineralized bone regenerative scaffolds.
  • The high-resolution microCT method enhances the understanding of MC-GAG scaffold mineralization.
  • The findings facilitate the development of advanced biomaterials for enhanced bone regeneration.