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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
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When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Technical Detail for Robot Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy
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Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty (RALP) in Infants: Technical Modifications, Surgical Experience, and

Pooja Prajapati1, Ankur Mandelia1, Basant Kumar1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) in infants offers a safe and effective solution for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO). Technical refinements optimize outcomes, making RALP a feasible option for pediatric patients.

Keywords:
Anderson-HynesDa VinciPUJOchildreninfantpediatricpelvi-ureteric junction obstructionpyeloplastyrobot assisted laparoscopicrobotic surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Urology
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Robotic Surgery

Background:

  • Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) in infants presents surgical challenges due to small anatomy.
  • Adapting adult robotic systems for pediatric procedures requires specific technical considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present surgical experience and technical refinements for robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) in infants.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of RALP in managing pediatric PUJO.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of infants undergoing RALP between January 2023 and May 2025 using the da Vinci Xi system.
  • Analysis of operative challenges and implementation of standardized strategies for improved exposure and precise anastomosis.
  • Assessment of postoperative outcomes via renal ultrasonography and EC scans.

Main Results:

  • Eleven male infants underwent unilateral robotic dismembered pyeloplasty for PUJO.
  • All surgeries were completed robotically without conversion; mean operative time was 168 minutes.
  • 90% of patients showed improved drainage postoperatively, with one requiring redo pyeloplasty.

Conclusions:

  • Robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty is technically feasible, safe, and effective in infants with PUJO.
  • Tailored technical modifications and refinements are crucial for successful pediatric RALP.
  • RALP offers a viable minimally invasive approach for managing infant PUJO.