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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Interstitial lung disease in small ruminants.

Joseph P Cassidy1

  • 1Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Interstitial lung diseases in sheep and goats cause significant global health and economic losses. This review details the diverse infectious, parasitic, and toxic agents responsible for these debilitating pulmonary conditions.

Keywords:
goatsinterstitiallungpneumoniapulmonarysheep

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Pulmonology
  • Small Ruminant Medicine

Background:

  • Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) in sheep and goats present significant global challenges to animal health, welfare, and agricultural productivity.
  • Specific ILDs like peste des petits ruminants (PPR), enzootic pneumonia, maedi, and ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma have severe economic and livelihood impacts, particularly in affected farming communities.
  • These diseases target the pulmonary interstitium, leading to parenchymal damage and clinical manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the pathogenesis and lesions associated with various agents causing ILDs in small ruminants.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of pulmonary damage induced by viral, bacterial, parasitic, and toxic etiologies.
  • To provide a detailed understanding of the pathological outcomes affecting the lung interstitium.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ILDs in sheep and goats.
  • Detailed description of pathological lesions and pathogenetic mechanisms.
  • Categorization of causative agents including viral, bacterial, parasitic, and toxic factors.

Main Results:

  • Small ruminant lentiviral infection causes progressive alveolar wall distortion via lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration.
  • Bibersteinia trehalosi infection leads to acute alveolar septal thromboembolism.
  • Dictyocaulus filaria parasitism results in eosinophil-mediated alveolar wall necrosis during larval migration.
  • Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma involves neoplastic type II pneumocytes over the interstitial scaffold.
  • Toxic injury from plants (Trema, Crotalaria sp.) and chemicals (carbolic dips, 3-methyl indole) affects the pulmonary interstitium.

Conclusions:

  • A wide array of agents contribute to ILDs in small ruminants, each with distinct pathogenetic pathways and resulting lesions.
  • Understanding these diverse mechanisms is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management of pulmonary diseases in sheep and goats.
  • This review consolidates knowledge on ILDs, highlighting their impact on animal health and agricultural sustainability.