Biomimetic Multifunctional Scaffolds for Osteochondral Regeneration: Bridging Material Design and Functional...

In recent years, the increasing prevalence of osteochondral defects has highlighted the critical need for effective repair strategies. The complex anatomical interdependence between bone and cartilage poses significant challenges in achieving synchronized tissue regeneration and functional reconstruction. Osteochondral tissue engineering (OCTE) has emerged as a promising solution, particularly through the development of integrative repair systems. Beyond meeting mechanical requirements and biodegradability standards, contemporary osteochondral scaffolds must achieve seamless biological integration while maintaining structural continuity. This review first examines the anatomical interdependence of osteochondral tissues and the corresponding design criteria for integrative scaffolds. Then, current material options, fabrication technologies (freeze-drying, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting), and integrative design paradigms (monophasic, biphasic, multiphasic, and gradient structures) are systematically evaluated. Particular emphasis is placed on how these elements collectively address two core challenges in integrated repair: functional continuity and cartilage regeneration. Three integrative optimization strategies are proposed: biomimetic structure design for seamless tissue transition, multifunctional material systems supporting coupled remodeling, and precision-engineered solutions incorporating individualized digital modeling. These approaches collectively advance the paradigm of osteochondral integration engineering, offering new perspectives for developing truly functional osteochondral units through scaffold-mediated tissue coupling.