Toward Stable Mn Metal Anodes and Electrolyte Design for Mn-Based Batteries

Manganese (Mn) metal, with a higher theoretical capacity and lower redox potential (-1.19 V versus SHE) than zinc, is emerging as a compelling anode for next-generation rechargeable batteries. Yet, its practical use remains hampered by parasitic hydrogen evolution, severe corrosion, and dendritic deposition that degrade plating/stripping efficiency and cycling stability. This Minireview critically evaluates recent advances in electrolyte design from concentrated aqueous solutions and halogen-mediated nonaqueous systems to additive-driven interphase engineering that expand the electrochemical stability window, suppress water-induced side reactions, and enable highly reversible Mn deposition. Complementary strategies, including artificial protective interphases and electronic structure modulation via alloying, are also highlighted as routes to mitigate hydrogen evolution and control nucleation. By consolidating these emerging concepts, this article outlines key design principles and future research directions toward practical, high-energy Mn metal batteries.