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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
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Innovations in Whole Brain Radiation Therapy.

Praveen Pendyala1, Adannia Ufondu1, Vinai Gondi2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Cancer Institute, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH.

Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.)
|January 23, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) can cause neurocognitive decline in most patients. This review explores causes, neuroprotective strategies like memantine, and advanced WBRT techniques to balance tumor control and brain function.

Keywords:
HA-WBRTHVLTWBRTWhole brain radiation therapyhippocampal-avoidanceradiationinduced neurocognitive decline

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Radiation oncology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is crucial for extensive brain metastases.
  • Neurocognitive decline is a significant limitation of WBRT.
  • The majority of patients experience impairment within a year of treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of radiation-induced neurocognitive impairment.
  • To discuss established and emerging neuroprotective strategies.
  • To explore methods for improving local tumor control and treatment efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical presentations and underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced neurocognitive impairment.
  • Examination of neuroprotective strategies, including pharmacological (memantine) and technical (hippocampal-avoidance, memory-avoidance, genu-sparing WBRT).
  • Review of techniques for enhancing tumor control (simultaneous integrated boosts) and streamlining workflows (autosegmentation, simulation-free planning).

Main Results:

  • Radiation-induced neurocognitive impairment is multifactorial, involving vascular injury, neuroinflammation, impaired neurogenesis, and white matter disruption.
  • Established strategies like memantine and hippocampal-avoidance WBRT offer protection.
  • Emerging techniques and workflow improvements aim to further preserve cognition and enhance treatment efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Balancing tumor control and neurocognitive preservation is critical, especially with improved survival for brain metastases patients.
  • Advanced WBRT techniques and neuroprotective strategies are essential for managing long-term cognitive side effects.
  • Optimizing treatment workflows can improve efficiency while maintaining focus on patient outcomes.