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Related Concept Videos

Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

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In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
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Control Volume and System Representations01:16

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Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
The control volume approach considers a stationary region in space through which fluid flows. This region is bounded by a control surface.  For instance, in the case of water...
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Linear Momentum in Control Volume01:13

Linear Momentum in Control Volume

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Newton's second law is applied to obtain the linear momentum in a control volume in a fluid system. According to this law, the rate of change of linear momentum is equal to the sum of external forces acting on the system. When a control volume matches the fluid system at a specific moment, the forces acting on both are identical. Reynolds transport theorem helps explain this by breaking down the system's linear momentum into two components: the rate of change of linear momentum within...
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Consider a turbine operating under steady-flow conditions. The control volume is drawn around the turbine, with fluid entering at one point and exiting at another. The turbine extracts energy from the fluid, which performs mechanical work (shaft work).
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Conservation of Mass in Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume01:07

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The principle of conservation of mass is fundamental in fluid dynamics and is crucial for analyzing flow within fixed control volumes, such as pipes or ducts. This principle states that the total mass within a control volume remains constant unless altered by the inflow or outflow of mass through the control surfaces. This results in a vital relationship for steady, incompressible flow where the mass entering a system equals the mass leaving it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Flow Cytometric Determination of Pyroptosis in Avian Cells
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Pore size dynamics control complex volume swelling in pyroptosis.

Estelle Bastien1,2, Guillaume Duprez1, Hélène Delanoë-Ayari1

  • 1Institut Lumière Matière, CNRS UMR5306, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69100, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pyroptosis involves cell swelling and rupture. This study reveals a transient volume plateau during pyroptosis is controlled by gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore enlargement and ninjurin-1 (Ninj1) activation, clarifying mechanisms of lytic cell death.

Keywords:
cell deathcell volume regulationmembrane permeabilitypyroptosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Biophysics
  • Inflammation research

Background:

  • Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory cell death pathway marked by cell swelling and membrane rupture.
  • Previous studies identified two swelling phases, but the underlying molecular and biophysical mechanisms were unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular and biophysical mechanisms driving the two-step swelling process in pyroptosis.
  • To investigate the role of gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore dynamics and ninjurin-1 (Ninj1) in pyroptotic volume regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fast quantitative microscopy to observe cell volume dynamics.
  • Developed a physical model integrating ion pump and leak dynamics with pore formation.
  • Experimentally modulated GSDMD pore enlargement and Ninj1 activation.

Main Results:

  • Identified a transient cell volume plateau between swelling phases, despite sustained membrane permeability.
  • Demonstrated that gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore enlargement dynamics, modulated by ninjurin-1 (Ninj1), control this plateau.
  • Showed Ninj1 is essential for the second swelling phase and GSDMD pores have a hydrodynamic radius ~1.9 nm.

Conclusions:

  • Pyroptotic volume dysregulation results from sequential GSDMD and Ninj1 actions, creating distinct permeability states.
  • These findings link molecular events to biophysical changes in lytic cell death.
  • Insights advance understanding of membrane rupture in inflammation and disease.