Smart and wearable electrochemical biosensors in biomedical diagnostics

Smart and wearable biomolecular diagnostics are rapidly emerging as transformative technologies for continuous, real-time monitoring of biomarkers in human biofluids, linking biological and chemical recognition with practical healthcare solutions. Miniaturized electrochemical biosensors, especially those tailored for portable and point-of-care (POC) testing, have gained significant attention due to advancements in nanomaterials. Functional nanomaterials integrated with enzyme-mimetic catalysts and bio-affinity pairs provide highly sensitive and selective recognition, enabling efficient biomolecular detection. The incorporation of flexible nanomaterials into wearable platforms offers broad surface coverage, high sensitivity, fast response, and simplified architectures, supporting their seamless integration into compact and durable POC devices. Such systems facilitate reliable correlations between biomarker concentrations in invasive and non-invasive biofluids, thereby enhancing diagnostic precision. The role of nanomaterials as both interfacial and sensing components has become central to ongoing research, propelled by the convergence of nanotechnology, electrochemistry, and biomedical science. This review critically discusses recent advances in smart and wearable microbiosensors for POC diagnostics, emphasizing sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, and real-time performance across diverse biofluids. Key challenges, including long-term stability, biocompatibility, and large-scale manufacturing are also addressed, along with perspectives on future directions in nanomaterial-enabled biosensing. The continued integration of intelligent, wearable diagnostics is expected to drive major progress in personalized medicine, preventive healthcare, and clinical decision-making.