Biomechanical simplification of the motor control of whisking

Animal nervous systems must coordinate the sequence and timing of numerous muscles-a challenging control problem. The challenge is particularly acute for highly mobile sensing structures with many degrees of freedom, such as eyes, pinnae, hands, forepaws, and whiskers, because these low-mass, distal sensors require complex muscle coordination. This work examines how the geometry of the rat whisker array simplifies the coordination required for "whisking" behavior.^1,2,3 During whisking, 33 intrinsic ("sling") muscles are the primary drivers^{4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} of the rapid, rhythmic protractions of the large mystacial vibrissae (whiskers), which vary more than 6-fold in length and 3-fold in base diameter.^13,14,15,16 Although whisking is a rhythmic, centrally patterned behavior,^{17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24} rodents can change the position, shape, and size of the whisker array, indicating considerable voluntary control.^{25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34} To begin quantifying how the array's biomechanics contribute to whisking movements, we used three-dimensional anatomical reconstructions of follicle and sling-muscle geometry to simulate the movement resulting from uniform contraction of sling muscles across the array. This simulation provides a geometric baseline for whisker protraction when driven purely by intrinsic sling muscles. It does not isolate neural from biomechanical contributions but helps identify deviations that suggest active control. Simulations reveal that all follicles rotate through approximately equal angles, regardless of size. The maximum distance between whisker tips occurs at approximately 90% of resting muscle length, after which whisker tips converge and sensing resolution increases monotonically during protraction.