Adaptive hierarchical learning for uncertainty-aware distributed energy resource planning

The proliferation of distributed energy resources introduces multi-source uncertainties, including implicit uncertainties arising from third-party operators' partial observability of security constraints, challenging traditional distribution network planning methods dependent on model simplification and predefined scenarios. We address this gap via an adaptive hierarchical learning architecture that co-optimizes distributed energy resources location, capacity, and operational strategies data-drivenly, enabling autonomous learning of implicit constraints without full model knowledge. Our framework embeds a bi-level Stackelberg structure where Monte Carlo Tree Search autonomously generates planning schemes at the upper level, while multi-agent reinforcement learning directly learns operational policies from real-time data at the lower level under partial observability. Validation on both benchmark and large-scale practical distribution systems shows lower investment costs and faster solutions while maintaining voltage stability, demonstrating superior scalability and adaptiveness to implicit uncertainties versus scenario-based methods.