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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse
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Fatigue in COPD: a Longitudinal, Multidimensional Perspective.

Zjala Ebadi1,2, Yvonne M J Goërtz3, Maarten Van Herck4,5

  • 1Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Zjala.Ebadi@radboudumc.nl.

International Journal of Behavioral Medicine
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physical activity helps reduce fatigue in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Fatigue, however, worsens quality of life and breathing difficulties, highlighting the need for integrated COPD management.

Keywords:
Behavioral factorsChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseFatigueHealth statusMultidimensional approachPhysical activity

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Fatigue is a significant and debilitating symptom in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • The complex interplay between fatigue and physical, psychological, behavioral, and health factors in COPD remains poorly understood.
  • This study aimed to explore the longitudinal associations between fatigue and these factors in COPD patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal relationships between fatigue and associated factors in patients with COPD.
  • To identify predictors of fatigue and the consequences of fatigue over time.
  • To understand the network of factors influencing fatigue in COPD.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal observational study involving 247 COPD patients.
  • Data collected at baseline and 1-year follow-up.
  • Two-wave autoregressive cross-lagged panel models (ARCLM) were used to analyze relationships.

Main Results:

  • Severe fatigue was highly prevalent (53%) at baseline and remained stable.
  • Baseline physical activity was the sole predictor of reduced fatigue at follow-up.
  • Higher baseline fatigue predicted worse health-related quality of life, increased dyspnea, and greater emotional distress.

Conclusions:

  • Physical activity directly predicts reduced fatigue in COPD.
  • Fatigue significantly impacts dyspnea, emotional distress, and health-related quality of life.
  • Integrated interventions, like pulmonary rehabilitation, are recommended due to the complex interrelationships of factors.