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The Dialectical Self Around the World: A Meta-Analysis of Country-Level Means
Julie Spencer-Rodgers1, Isabella Major-Siciliano2, Wei Yan3
1California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA.
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
|January 23, 2026
Summary
This meta-analysis introduces the Dialectical Self Index (DSI) from 139 studies. It reveals dialecticism is a foundational cultural mindset, showing regional clustering worldwide.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Cross-cultural psychology
- Cultural mindset research
Background:
- The Dialectical Self Scale measures contradictory and changeable self-conceptions.
- Understanding cultural differences in self-perception is crucial for global psychology.
- Previous research lacked a comprehensive, cross-national synthesis of dialecticism.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct the first meta-analysis of the Dialectical Self Scale.
- To create a national Dialectical Self Index (DSI) across 28 countries.
- To explore country-level correlates and moderators of dialecticism.
Main Methods:
- Meta-analytic techniques synthesizing data from 139 studies (N=23,629).
- Hierarchical ordering of countries based on dialecticism.
- Correlation analysis with socio-ecological and macro-social factors.
Main Results:
- No significant historical shifts in dialecticism were observed over two decades.
- Dialecticism correlated with tolerance for contradiction, expectation of change, Buddhism, and rice farming.
- Dialecticism was weakly related to globalization and unrelated to collectivism or interdependent self-construals.
- A world map demonstrated clear regional clustering of dialecticism.
Conclusions:
- Dialecticism appears to be a foundational cultural mindset, not solely explained by collectivism.
- The DSI is a valuable tool for cross-national research on self-perception.
- Socio-ecological factors significantly influence cultural dialecticism.
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