Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Spatial heterogeneity and subtypes of functional connectivity development in youth
Hongming Li1,2, Zaixu Cui3, Matthew Cieslak4,5,6
1Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Hongming.Li@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
None:
Brain age prediction has been widely utilized to assess functional connectivity (FC) development, but conventional global brain age indices are limited in capturing spatial heterogeneity across the cortex. This study introduces a regional brain development index to characterize fine-grained FC maturation across cortical regions. We examined its spatial variability and stratified individuals into subtypes with distinct region-wise FC developmental patterns. Using data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (ages 8-23 years), we identified three distinct subtypes and found that individuals with advanced FC developmental pattern aligning with the sensorimotor-association axis exhibited superior cognitive performance. Robustness was confirmed through replication in the Human Connectome Project Development cohort. Further analyses revealed associations between FC development and gene expression linked to neural differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination. These findings suggest that spatial heterogeneity in FC development reflects cortical microstructure and hierarchical organization, underscoring its critical role in neurocognitive maturation during youth.
More Related Videos
09:21Methods for Characterizing the Co-development of Biofilm and Habitat Heterogeneity
Published on: March 11, 2015
07:02An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
Published on: January 12, 2011
Related Concept Videos
Functions of Connective Tissues
Hard connective tissues, such as bones and cartilage, provide structure and support to the body.
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors...
Dietary Connections
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...