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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils
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Rhinovirus Infects B and CD4 T Lymphocytes in Hypertrophic Tonsils in Children.

Ronaldo Martins1,2, Flavia E de Paula2, Talita B G Mitchell2

  • 1Department of Clinical Analyzes, Toxicology and Food Science (DACTB), University of São Paulo School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.

Journal of Medical Virology
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rhinovirus (RV) infects immune cells in human tonsils, acting as a reservoir for prolonged shedding after colds. This study reveals RV

Keywords:
adenotonsillar hypertrophycytokineslymphocytesrhinovirustonsillectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Rhinovirus (RV) is frequently detected in secretions long after illness, with asymptomatic shedding also common.
  • Previous studies have found RV in human hypertrophic tonsils, but its replication and host cells were not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate RV replication, identify infected cell types, and determine infectious virus recovery in children's tonsils and secretions.
  • To understand the role of tonsils in RV persistence and shedding.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time RT-PCR screening of adenoids, palatine tonsils, and respiratory secretions from 293 children.
  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC), chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), flow cytometry, and viral isolation.
  • In vitro infection of tonsillar mononuclear cells.

Main Results:

  • RV genotypes from species A, B, and C were found in adenotonsillar samples.
  • RV antigenome and proteins were detected in tonsillar epithelium, parenchyma, and CD4+ T and B lymphocytes.
  • Infectious RV was recovered from adenoids and secretions; in vitro studies showed viral replication and cytokine release.

Conclusions:

  • Tonsils serve as a site for prolonged rhinovirus infection, with RV infecting T and B lymphocytes.
  • Tonsillar RV infection may contribute to persistent shedding and impact the local immune microenvironment.