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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
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Texas Stroke Program Assessment: Infrastructure, Turnover, and Burnout Implications.

Arielle Goff, Jody L Bauer, Sidarrth Prasad

    Journal of Emergency Nursing
    |January 24, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    High burnout rates (74.4%) and turnover (49.5%) were found in stroke coordinators, particularly those with dual roles. Standardizing stroke coordinator roles and support is crucial to mitigate burnout and improve retention.

    Keywords:
    BurnoutEmployee retentionPersonnel managementPreceptorshipStroke

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    Area of Science:

    • Healthcare Management
    • Nursing
    • Emergency Medicine

    Background:

    • Stroke coordinators often hold dual roles, combining emergency nursing or trauma coordination with stroke coordination.
    • The impact of these hybrid roles on burnout among stroke coordinators is not well understood.
    • This study investigated the effects of role overlap on stroke program managers and coordinators in Texas.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the prevalence of burnout among stroke coordinators in Texas.
    • To identify factors contributing to burnout in this population.
    • To explore the need for standardized roles and support systems for stroke coordinators.

    Main Methods:

    • An electronic survey was distributed to 181 Texas-designated stroke facilities.
    • The Maslach Burnout Inventory--Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was used to evaluate work-related burnout.
    • Anonymized responses were collected from stroke coordinators and managers.

    Main Results:

    • A high burnout rate of 74.4% was observed among the 78 respondents who completed the MBI-HSS.
    • Burnout was characterized by feelings of ineffectiveness, overextension, or exhaustion.
    • Turnover among stroke coordinators was substantial, with 49.5% reporting multiple job changes within five years.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant variability exists in the definition and responsibilities of stroke coordinator roles.
    • Over 91% of respondents called for standardized program requirements and staff development support.
    • Adopting models similar to trauma center programs could reduce role variability, enhance support, and decrease burnout.