Computational design of intrinsically disordered proteins

Protein design has the potential to revolutionize biotechnology and medicine. While most efforts have focused on proteins with well-defined structures, increased recognition of the functional significance of intrinsically disordered regions, together with improvements in their modeling, has paved the way to their computational design. This review summarizes recent advances in designing intrinsically disordered regions with tailored conformational ensembles, molecular recognition, and phase behavior. We discuss challenges in combining models of predictive accuracy with scalable design workflows and outline emerging strategies that integrate knowledge-based, physics-based, and machine-learning approaches.