Stolen babies in Spain: The long and winding search for an illegally adopted daughter

This paper delves into the complex and protracted search for origins by individuals illegally adopted in Spain, using the emblematic case of Inés Madrigal as a central narrative. It examines the historical context surrounding allegations of widespread newborn abduction and irregular adoptions, addressing the discrepancy between unsubstantiated claims of 300,000 cases and the findings of official investigations. The article analyzes the critical role of forensic science, particularly DNA analysis of exhumed remains and hospital biopsies, in investigating these allegations. The findings of the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences are discussed, highlighting that in a majority of investigated cases involving alleged newborn abduction in public hospitals, DNA analysis confirmed the deceased status of the infants, challenging the widespread narrative of systematic baby snatching. Furthermore, the paper explores the pivotal application of direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy testing in the case of Inés Madrigal, which ultimately led to the identification of her biological family despite the lack of matches in traditional forensic DNA databases. The legal journey of Inés Madrigal, including the landmark trial against Dr. Eduardo Vela and the subsequent rulings by the Provincial Court and the Supreme Court, are analyzed, underscoring the legal complexities and the issue of prescription in these cases. Finally, the article discusses the future role of forensic sciences in assisting illegally adopted individuals, emphasizing the need for enhanced collaboration between affected associations and state administration, promoting the use of available public services like the Ministry of Justice's information service and DNA database, and considering the potential of a regulated forensic genetic genealogy program. The paper underscores the importance of forensic investigations in uncovering the truth, providing justice for victims, and differentiating between cases of newborn abduction and irregular adoptions where parental consent may have been coerced or absent.