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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
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The thoracic section of the aorta begins at the T5 vertebra and extends to the T12 level at the diaphragm, initially progressing through the mediastinum to the left of the spinal column. Throughout its course in the thoracic segment, the thoracic aorta emits various offshoots known collectively as visceral and parietal branches. The branches that predominantly supply blood to visceral organs are termed visceral branches and include bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Diverse histopathological patterns in Fleischner-defined interstitial lung abnormalities: Radiologic-Pathologic

Taiki Fukuda1, Kaori Ishida2, Tomonori Tanaka3

  • 1Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.

Respiratory Investigation
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) often represent early interstitial lung disease (ILD). This study found most Fleischner-defined ILA cases reclassified as subclinical ILD by 2025 ATS criteria, revealing diverse histopathology beyond usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).

Keywords:
Bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumoniaInterstitial lung abnormalitiesRadiologic-pathologic correlationSurvival analysisUsual interstitial pneumonia

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are CT-detected findings that may indicate early interstitial lung disease (ILD).
  • Histopathologic data correlating with ILA and ILD are limited, with prior studies yielding conflicting results.
  • The 2025 American Thoracic Society (ATS) criteria aim to differentiate ILA from ILD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the histopathological spectrum of Fleischner Society-defined ILA.
  • To correlate histopathological findings with CT features and patient outcomes.
  • To reclassify ILA cases based on the 2025 ATS criteria.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 30 patients with surgical lung biopsies for ILA (2010-2021).
  • Histopathological evaluation by three pulmonary pathologists and CT assessment by two radiologists.
  • Comparison of overall survival between usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)-related and non-UIP-related groups.

Main Results:

  • Most patients (90%) had fibrotic ILA, predominantly reclassified as subclinical ILD (96.7%) per 2025 ATS criteria.
  • Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) was the most common dominant pattern (43.3%), followed by nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia (BIP) (20% each).
  • CT findings included reticular opacity and traction bronchiectasis for UIP/NSIP, and branching linear opacities for BIP. No significant difference in overall survival was observed between UIP-related and non-UIP-related groups.

Conclusions:

  • Fleischner-defined ILA, when reclassified by 2025 ATS criteria, is frequently subclinical ILD.
  • The histopathology of ILA is heterogeneous, extending beyond UIP to include patterns like BIP.
  • These findings underscore the importance of histopathological diversity in understanding ILA and its progression to ILD.