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Related Concept Videos

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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A conductor needs to be a component of a path that creates a closed loop or full circuit to have a continuous current flowing through it. A current starts to flow if an electric field is created inside an isolated conductor that is not part of a full circuit. The conductor quickly develops a net positive charge at one end and a net negative charge at the other. These charges generate an electric field opposite the direction of the applied electric field, which reduces the current. Eventually,...
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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
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Electric Vehicle Batteries Recycling: A Review.

Behzad Esmaeilian1, Yaohong Xiao2, Gagan K Goyal3

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Developing sustainable electric vehicle (EV) battery recycling requires coordinated networks and policy incentives. Advanced technologies like AI and robotics improve efficiency, while lifecycle assessments highlight logistics and automation

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceCircular economyElectric vehicle batteriesHydrometallurgyLithium-ion battery recyclingPyrometallurgyRobotics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Environmental Science
  • Industrial Engineering

Background:

  • Rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates practical end-of-life lithium-ion battery recycling.
  • Existing recycling systems face technical, economic, and environmental challenges.
  • A systematic review is needed to synthesize current knowledge on EV battery recycling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze and synthesize the existing body of knowledge on electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling.
  • To identify key challenges and opportunities across collection, recycling technologies, digital integration, and assessment methodologies.
  • To highlight future research directions for improved recycling infrastructures.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
  • Selection of 130 relevant studies from approximately 1,700 publications.
  • Structured analysis across four key topics: collection/infrastructure, recycling technologies, digital/automation, and lifecycle/techno-economic assessments.

Main Results:

  • Coordinated collection networks and policy incentives enhance outcomes.
  • Mechanical disassembly faces challenges; robotics offer improvements.
  • Pyrometallurgy is high-throughput but energy-intensive; hydrometallurgy offers selective recovery; direct regeneration supports circularity.
  • AI, robotics, and digital twins improve operations; digital passports enhance traceability.
  • Logistics and collection rates significantly impact cost and emissions; automation drives improvements.

Conclusions:

  • Future research should focus on intelligent hybrid systems, information recovery, and resilient value networks.
  • Digitally connected, policy-aligned recycling infrastructures are crucial.
  • Optimizing collection, infrastructure, and employing advanced technologies are key to sustainable EV battery recycling.