Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 26, 2026
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
Published on: June 30, 2014
Cognitive reserve and its contribution to predicting cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis
Sadra Habibi Moini1, Majid Hamidi2, Ali Rezaei2
1Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neurological Diseases Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Background:
Cognitive impairment is a prevalent challenge in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Cognitive reserve (CR), a multifaceted concept has been shown to have a protective role against cognitive decline. This study explores the association between cognitive reserve as measured by Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), cognitive scores, and patients' characteristics in MS patients. Additionally, we compared the predictive value of CR in cognitive function when measured by education alone versus the CRIq to examine the advantages of latter model.
Materials And Methods:
A total of 81 patients (39.22 ± 8.09 years old, 64 female) were recruited for the study and completed the interview. Cognitive function was evaluated with the "Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS). CRIq and depression questionnaires were also obtained.
Results:
CRIq score had significant correlation with all three age-adjusted cognitive test scores (rho = 0.551, 0.392, 0.418 for information processing speed, verbal memory and visuospatial memory respectively, p < 0.001 for all tests). The inclusion of CRIq significantly improved the cognitive function models, accounting for an additional 10.8% to 18.7% of the explained variance beyond age, and clinical predictors. In hierarchical regression models, education did not provide significant additional predictive value beyond CRIq scores across all three cognitive tests.
Conclusions:
The CRIq provides a more comprehensive measure of CR than formal education alone, underscoring the multidimensional nature of cognitive enrichment in adults.
Related Concept Videos
01:38Cognitive Dissonance
01:27Language and Cognition
01:25Cognitive Therapy
01:23Cognition and Behavior
01:21Cognitive Learning
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
01:20Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...