Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

36.8K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
36.8K
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

746
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
746
Cognitive Therapy01:25

Cognitive Therapy

947
Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
947
Cognition and Behavior01:23

Cognition and Behavior

312
Social psychology examines the complex interplay between individual mental processes and social interactions. Historically, the field was divided into two domains: social behavior and social cognition. Researchers focusing on social behavior analyzed actions within social contexts, such as conformity, aggression, or cooperation. Meanwhile, social cognition researchers investigated how people perceive, interpret, and mentally represent their social environments. However, modern perspectives no...
312
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.1K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.1K
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

2.3K
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Introducing ETRAISI: Endovascular Thrombolysis/Thrombectomy Registry in Acute Ischemic Stroke of Iran- A Methodology Protocol.

Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Higher body mass index is associated with lower drug concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with ustekinumab but not vedolizumab.

Inflammatory bowel diseases·2026
Same author

Correlation of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (sTREM-2) levels with disability and clinical characteristics in multiple sclerosis.

Acta neurologica Belgica·2026
Same author

The Sanctuary Within: Development of CD20+ CNS Lymphoma Despite Peripheral B-Cell Depletion by Rituximab in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient.

Case reports in neurological medicine·2026
Same author

Dynamic compression of whole-brain neural trajectories during human motor learning.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Coronary Artery Disease Is Linked with Demyelination and Iron Deposition in White Matter Watershed Areas.

Aging and disease·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.7K

Cognitive reserve and its contribution to predicting cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis.

Sadra Habibi Moini1, Majid Hamidi2, Ali Rezaei2

  • 1Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neurological Diseases Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) better measures cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients than education alone. CRIq significantly correlates with cognitive function and improves predictive models for cognitive decline in MS.

Keywords:
BICAMSCognitive impairmentCognitive reserveCognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq)EducationMultiple sclerosis

More Related Videos

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
07:00

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: October 13, 2016

8.7K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.7K
Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
07:00

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: October 13, 2016

8.7K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Cognitive reserve (CR) may protect against cognitive decline.
  • This study investigates CR, cognitive scores, and patient characteristics in MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the association between CR (measured by CRIq), cognitive scores, and patient characteristics in MS.
  • To compare the predictive value of CRIq versus education alone for cognitive function in MS.

Main Methods:

  • 81 MS patients (39.22 ± 8.09 years, 64% female) were assessed.
  • Cognitive function was evaluated using the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS).
  • Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) and depression questionnaires were administered.

Main Results:

  • CRIq scores significantly correlated with information processing speed, verbal memory, and visuospatial memory (p < 0.001).
  • CRIq improved cognitive function models, explaining an additional 10.8%–18.7% of variance beyond age and clinical predictors.
  • Education did not significantly predict cognitive function beyond CRIq scores.

Conclusions:

  • The CRIq offers a more comprehensive measure of cognitive reserve than education alone in adults.
  • This highlights the multidimensional nature of cognitive enrichment and its importance in managing cognitive health.