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Stigma in functional neurological disorder; a longitudinal study.

Caoimhe Mcloughlin1, Neil Ramsay2, Lineke Tak3

  • 1Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom.

Journal of Psychosomatic Research
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) patients experience significant perceived, internalised, and anticipated stigma. These challenges, along with comorbidities, did not improve over time, highlighting the need for broader counter-stigma initiatives.

Keywords:
AnxietyFunctional neurological disorderMoodPatient experienceQuality of lifeStigma

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Sociology

Background:

  • Stigma is a major challenge for patients with Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
  • Longitudinal evaluation of stigma components in FND is crucial for understanding patient experiences.
  • Exploring factors associated with stigma can inform targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally evaluate perceived, internalised, and anticipated stigma in FND patients.
  • To identify factors associated with different types of stigma in FND.
  • To assess changes in stigma and related factors over time.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective recruitment of FND patients from outpatient clinics.
  • Utilisation of validated measures for stigma, somatic burden, quality of life, depression, anxiety, and illness attribution.
  • Follow-up assessment after a mean duration of 7 months.

Main Results:

  • Moderate perceived stigma scores were observed.
  • 32% of patients internalised stigma, believing FND was their fault.
  • Anticipated stigma was highest from work, followed by healthcare, friends, and family.
  • Identifying as male, being in a relationship, higher age, and education were protective against stigma.
  • No significant changes in stigma, somatic burden, quality of life, anxiety, or depression were noted at follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • FND patients experience substantial and persistent perceived, internalised, and anticipated stigma.
  • High rates of physical and psychological comorbidity are prevalent in FND.
  • Counter-stigma strategies must extend beyond healthcare professionals to address multiple sources of stigma.