Microbial biofilms and nanoparticles synergistic interaction: A cutting-edge nano-bioremediation method for...

In nature, bacteria have two different growth modes: a unicellular life stage, in which the cells are free-moving (planktonic), and a multicellular life stage wherein the cells are immobile and reside within a biofilm structure, composed of a complex network of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS contribute to the distinctive characteristics of the biofilm's lifestyle, environmental degradation, as well as virulence and antibiotic resistance. The present review critically analyses the functional significance of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), characteristics of biofilms and nanoparticle-biofilm interactions for the removal of emerging environmental contaminants. Nanoparticles can also function as emulsifiers, enhancing bioavailability by providing droplet surfaces that facilitate microbial attachment and promote microbial proliferation. The enhancement of certain biofilms through positive interactions with nanoparticles will enable the design of systems that facilitate the development of cost-effective alternatives of interest, including enhanced bioremediation, biodegradation, oil spill mitigation, and improved microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance. Nano-bioremediation is effective across a wide range of emerging environmental contaminants such as PAHs, chlorinated compounds, pHthalates, plastic heavy metals, etc. and provides a sustainable alternative to conventional remediation approaches.