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Related Concept Videos

Cell Potential and Free Energy02:58

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Thermodynamics of a Redox Reaction
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy. In an electrochemical cell, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
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The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Potential Energy00:52

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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Generation of Natural Killer Cells from Human Expanded Potential Stem Cells
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VPS34-IN1 potentiates STING-dependent activation in human CAL-1 cells.

Paulo Antas1, Mariana D Machado1, Fátima Leite-Pinheiro1,2

  • 1Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.

Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters
|January 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

VPS34-IN1 minimally impacts cancer cells but inhibits Toll-like receptor 7 signaling. This compound activates STING, enhancing type I interferon production for potential antitumoral immunity.

Keywords:
BPDCNCL307ChemotherapyImmunotherapyPtdIns 3-kinaseSTINGType I interferon

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34) is a kinase involved in endosome dynamics.
  • VPS34 inhibition is explored as a cancer therapy.
  • Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of VPS34-IN1 on BPDCN cells.
  • To assess VPS34-IN1's impact on Toll-like receptor (TLR) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of BPDCN CAL-1 cells with VPS34-IN1.
  • Analysis of TLR7 signaling inhibition.
  • Assessment of STING pathway activation and type I interferon (IFN) production.

Main Results:

  • VPS34-IN1 showed minimal cytotoxic effects on BPDCN CAL-1 cells.
  • VPS34-IN1 inhibited TLR7 signaling but activated STING.
  • Enhanced cellular response to 2'3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (2'3'-cGAMP) and increased type I IFN expression were observed.

Conclusions:

  • VPS34-IN1 has limited direct toxicity against BPDCN cells.
  • VPS34-IN1 synergizes with STING activation to promote type I IFN expression.
  • VPS34-IN1 shows potential for enhancing antitumoral immunity via type I IFN induction.