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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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Engineering Electronic Radial Effects for Fast Li+ Transport in Solid-State Electrolytes.

Jiadong Shen1, Gilseob Kim1, Jong-Woan Chung1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new "radial-effect" design for solid-state electrolytes, enhancing lithium-ion conductivity and stability in lithium-metal batteries for improved performance and safety.

Keywords:
Flash Joule Heatingentropy‐based descriptormachine‐learningradial‐effect engineerings–d/p–d hybridizations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-state electrolytes are crucial for advanced lithium-metal batteries but face challenges in achieving high ionic conductivity, transference numbers, and interface stability.
  • Current electrolyte designs struggle to balance these critical properties, hindering the development of next-generation energy storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel radial-effect design principle for solid-state electrolytes.
  • To leverage relativistic effects and machine learning for discovering new electrolyte materials.
  • To engineer high-performance, thermally resilient solid-state batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced a radial-effect design principle involving relativistic expansion and spin-orbit coupling of 5d orbitals.
  • Developed an entropy-based descriptor (Sd) trained with machine learning across over 10,000 materials.
  • Utilized machine-learning-guided high-throughput screening to identify monoclinic HfO2.
  • Employed millisecond flash-Joule heating to synthesize nanosized HfO2 crystals.
  • Fabricated sc-HfO2@LCB composite electrolytes and assembled lithium-metal pouch cells.

Main Results:

  • Radial-effect engineering in HfO2 significantly lowered Li+ migration barriers.
  • The sc-HfO2@LCB electrolyte exhibited high Li+ conductivity (1.23 mS cm-1 at 30°C) and transference numbers (tLi + = 0.82 at 25°C).
  • Achieved a wide electrochemical window (4.8 V) and confirmed faster Li+ transport via operando Raman/XANES.
  • Demonstrated superior performance in 2 Ah LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2‖Li pouch cells, reaching ~472 Wh kg-1 (stack-level) and maintaining rate capability over hundreds of cycles.
  • Cells survived 150°C hot-plate tests, indicating enhanced thermal resilience.

Conclusions:

  • Radial-effect engineering is a powerful strategy for designing advanced solid-state electrolytes.
  • The developed HfO2-based electrolyte offers a promising pathway towards high-performance, safe, and thermally stable lithium-metal batteries.
  • This approach enables the creation of interconnected Li+ pathways, crucial for efficient ion transport.