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Loneliness and somatic complaints: An experience sampling method study.
Martine Smeets1, Elody Hutten2, Peter Verboon2
1Department of Clinical and Medical Psychology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
|January 25, 2026
Summary
Loneliness and somatic complaints are contemporaneously associated in daily life. However, neither state loneliness nor somatic complaints predicted subsequent changes in the other, suggesting a complex, non-causal relationship.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Psychiatry
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- Previous research indicates a link between loneliness and somatic complaints.
- The directionality and temporal relationship between these states in daily life remain unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the contemporaneous and bidirectional temporal associations between state loneliness and state somatic complaints.
- To examine these relationships in real-time using the Experience Sampling Method.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) over 14 days.
- Participants (16 with somatic symptom disorder, 27 general population) received 10 daily smartphone prompts.
- Assessed state loneliness and somatic complaints using multilevel linear regression models.
Main Results:
- A significant contemporaneous association was found between state loneliness and state somatic complaints (B = 0.12, p < .001).
- Temporal analyses showed no significant predictive relationship in either direction over a 90-minute window.
- State loneliness did not predict subsequent somatic complaints (B = 0.01, p = .573).
- Somatic complaints did not predict subsequent state loneliness (B = 0.02, p = .534).
Conclusions:
- Daily life experiences reveal a contemporaneous link between loneliness and somatic complaints.
- The study did not find evidence for a causal or predictive relationship between these states in the short term.
- Further research is needed to fully understand the intricate connection between loneliness and somatic symptoms.
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