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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
6.6K
Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

4.0K
As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
4.0K
Joints01:26

Joints

35.5K
Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Response to Letter to the Editor on "Patient-Specific Instrumentation versus Standard of Care in Total Knee Arthroplasty in an Obese Population: Minimum 5-year Follow-Up".

The Journal of arthroplasty·2026
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Clinical Outcomes and Survivorship After Conversion of Metal-on-Metal Hip Resurfacing to Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

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First Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty for Instability: 10-Year Outcomes and Risk Factors Associated With Rerevision.

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Diagnosis of aseptic loosening after hip arthroplasty : international Delphi consensus.

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Give the Cefazolin, Even in Patients with a Cephalosporin Allergy: Commentary on an article by Josef E. Jolissaint, MD, et al.: " Cefazolin and the R1 Side Chain. Why Patients with a Cephalosporin Allergy Can Be Safely Given Cefazolin While Undergoing Joint Arthroplasty ".

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Research on Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated Prosthetic Joint Infections
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Research on Candida albicans Biofilm-Associated Prosthetic Joint Infections

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High Failure Rates Following Repeat Two-Stage Revision for Chronic Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Multicenter

Ian W Kennedy1, Lisa C Howard2, Lyndsay Somerville3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; College of Medicine, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Arthroplasty
|January 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Repeat two-stage revision for recurrent knee periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) has low success rates and high morbidity, including a 23% amputation risk. Younger patients face a greater risk of treatment failure.

Keywords:
arthroplastykneeoutcomesperiprosthetic joint infectionrevision

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Infectious Disease
  • Arthroplasty Research

Background:

  • Recurrent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty revision presents significant clinical challenges.
  • Repeat two-stage revision is a salvage procedure, but its outcomes for chronic PJI are not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of repeat two-stage revision surgery for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee.
  • To identify predictors of treatment failure in patients undergoing repeat two-stage knee revision for PJI.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 61 patients undergoing repeat two-stage knee revision for PJI between 1995 and 2022 at two tertiary centers.
  • Assessment of treatment success using 2019 MSIS Tier 1 criteria, with Kaplan-Meier analysis for implant survivorship and Cox regression for failure predictors.
  • Mean follow-up of 12.1 years for the 48 patients who underwent reimplantation.

Main Results:

  • Treatment success was achieved in only 39.6% (21/48) of cases, with a 22.9% amputation rate.
  • Five- and 10-year implant survival rates were 63.2% and 42.3% for all-cause revision, respectively.
  • Younger age was the sole independent predictor of failure (OR 0.898 per year; P = 0.003), and new infecting organisms were identified in 31% of cases.

Conclusions:

  • Repeat two-stage revision for recurrent knee PJI demonstrates low infection control rates and significant patient morbidity.
  • The high rate of complications, including amputation, necessitates careful patient selection and consideration of alternative treatment strategies.
  • Younger patient age is associated with a higher likelihood of treatment failure in this challenging scenario.