Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Postconditioning with Lactate-enriched Blood for Cardioprotection in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
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Postconditioning with Lactate-enriched Blood for Cardioprotection in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

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Door-to-Balloon Time vs. Total Ischemic Time as Predictors of Mortality in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Sibtain Nisar1, Muhammad Shehryar2, Rashid Murad3

  • 1Cardiology, Peshawar General Hospital, Peshawar, PAK.

Cureus
|January 26, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Cardiovascular diseases are a major health issue in Pakistan. This study found advanced age and multiple risk factors significantly increase adverse outcomes, emphasizing the need for better prevention and management strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of illness and death in Pakistan.
  • Early identification of individuals at high risk is crucial for better patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the specific challenges within Pakistan's healthcare system is vital for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes of cardiovascular patients in Pakistan.
  • To compare data from two major tertiary care centers for a comprehensive overview.
  • To identify key determinants of adverse events in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, observational, two-center study conducted from January 2022 to December 2023.
  • Enrolled 2,530 patients (mean age 58.42 ± 11.36 years; 77.66% male).
  • Collected demographic data, comorbidities, clinical presentation, lab results, treatments, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking were the most common comorbidities.
  • Acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST-elevation myocardial infarction, were the primary presentation.
  • Advanced age and multiple cardiovascular risk factors were significantly linked to adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • This study offers critical insights into the burden of cardiovascular disease in Pakistan.
  • Findings underscore the necessity for enhanced preventive measures and risk factor control.
  • Timely diagnosis and management are essential to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Pakistan.

Keywords:
door-to-balloon timein-hospital mortalitypredictorsprimary pcistemitotal ischemic time

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