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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films
Published on: August 18, 2018
Impact of precursor solution temperature on two-step spin-coated FAPbI3 film elucidated by surface morphology and in
Ryota Okuyama1, Kohei Uezono1, Yuhi Inada2
1Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan yamasita@kit.ac.jp.
Abstract:
Perovskite solar cells fabricated by the two-step spin-coating method are highly sensitive to processing conditions, yet the role of precursor solution temperature remains poorly understood. Here, we systematically investigate how the temperatures of PbI2 and formamidinium iodide (FAI) precursor solutions affect crystallization dynamics, surface morphology, phase formation, and optoelectronic properties of FAPbI3 thin films. By combining microscopic characterization with in situ photoluminescence (PL) monitoring during annealing, we reveal distinct temperature-dependent nucleation, ripening, and film densification processes. PbI2 solutions at intermediate temperatures (50-70 °C) yield compact underlayers that promote homogeneous conversion and suppress residual PbI2, while low-temperature FAI solutions favor stabilization of the photoactive α-phase. Quantitative analysis of the in situ PL evolution clarifies the correlation between crystallization stages and optical out-coupling behavior. These results establish precursor solution temperature as a critical and practical parameter for controlling perovskite film formation in two-step deposition processes.
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