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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
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Fluid flow behaviour in vesicular basalt samples from the Skoll High, Vøring Margin.

Peter Betlem1,2,3, Marija Plahter Rosenqvist4, John Millett3,5,6

  • 1Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Ullevaal Stadion, P.O. Box 3930, 0806 Oslo, Norway.

Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources
|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fluid flow in altered basalts is key for carbon sequestration. Swelling clays significantly reduce brine flow, cautioning against using gas permeability data for subsurface conditions.

Keywords:
Carbon sequestrationClay swellingFluid flow experimentsInternational Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 396Lava flowsMid-Norwegian continental margin

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Area of Science:

  • Geology
  • Geophysics
  • Earth Science

Background:

  • Limited research exists on the basalt reservoir and flow properties of the mid-Norwegian margin.
  • Subsurface conditions and in-situ fluid flow responses to pore fluid changes are critical for carbon sequestration but understudied.
  • Basaltic lava flows are potential reservoirs for carbon sequestration, necessitating an understanding of their hydraulic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fluid flow properties of basaltic lava flows from the Skoll High, Vøring Margin under simulated subsurface conditions.
  • To assess the impact of alteration and pore fluids on the hydraulic properties of these basalts for carbon sequestration applications.
  • To compare in-situ brine flow with ambient gas permeability measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 32 lava flow samples from IODP Sites U1571/U1572.
  • Measured hydraulic properties (porosity, permeability) at ambient conditions.
  • Conducted multi-stress, multi-fluid core flooding experiments on a representative sample using X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT).

Main Results:

  • Petrographic analysis revealed significant alteration with secondary clays (smectite) lining pores.
  • Helium porosities were generally below the percolation threshold.
  • Klinkenberg-corrected nitrogen-gas permeability showed weak correlation with porosity and no depth dependence.
  • Brine permeability was four orders of magnitude lower than gas permeability.
  • CO2 injection did not notably reduce brine flow; brine-induced clay swelling reduced fluid accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Ambient gas permeability measurements may not accurately reflect in-situ fluid flow in altered basalts.
  • Swelling clays and low matrix permeability in altered vesicular basalts can limit injectivity for carbon sequestration.
  • Fractures may be essential for significant fluid injectivity in these basaltic formations.