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Advancing electric bus transit system optimization with bus rotation across routes.
Ali Shehabeldeen1, Moataz Mohamed1
1Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.
Npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport
|January 26, 2026
Summary
Integrating battery electric bus (BEB) rotation into transit planning significantly cuts costs. This strategy optimizes bus assignments, charging, and infrastructure, reducing overall expenses and improving operational flexibility for electric bus fleets.
Area of Science:
- Transportation Engineering
- Operations Research
- Sustainable Energy Systems
Background:
- Battery electric buses (BEBs) present operational constraints limiting fleet flexibility, particularly in multi-route assignments.
- Optimizing BEB deployment requires integrated planning that considers charging infrastructure, battery life, and dynamic energy costs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a strategic modeling approach for integrated planning of BEB operations.
- To incorporate BEB rotation across routes as a key decision variable in optimization models.
- To analyze the impact of real-time pricing, emissions charges, and battery degradation on BEB planning.
Main Methods:
- An integrated planning optimization model was developed to jointly determine bus assignments, charging infrastructure, battery capacities, and charging schedules.
- The model accounts for real-time electricity pricing (RTP), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions charges, and battery degradation.
- A real-world transit network was used to validate the model's effectiveness.
Main Results:
- Enabling BEB rotation reduced total system costs by 37.88% in a case study.
- Capital costs decreased by 12.18%, and operational costs saw a significant 59.42% reduction.
- Sensitivity analyses confirmed the model's robustness across various parameters like energy consumption and charging costs.
Conclusions:
- Incorporating BEB rotation into the planning phase is crucial for enhancing operational flexibility and reducing costs.
- The developed optimization model provides a comprehensive framework for sustainable and cost-effective BEB fleet management.
- Strategic planning considering dynamic costs and operational constraints can unlock the full potential of electric bus transit systems.
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