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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)01:08

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a powerful analytical technique used in mass spectrometry. It enables the identification and characterization of various biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. MALDI is an ionization technique, widely employed in biological and medical research, as well as in fields like pharmacology and biochemistry.The analyte of interest, a biomolecule or a mixture of biomolecules, is mixed with a suitable matrix...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Quantifying Arms and Legs Contributions during Repetitive Electrically-Assisted Sit-To-Stand Exercise in Paraplegics: A Pilot Study
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Laparoscopically assisted cecal cannulation in standing horses.

Brenda Ventura Lopes Carvalho1, Maria Carolina Neves de Souza1, Marcel Ferreira Bastos Avanza1

  • 1Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Frontiers in Veterinary Science
|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new laparoscopic technique allows minimally invasive cecal cannulation in standing horses. This method provides safe, long-term access for therapeutic interventions, improving upon traditional invasive surgeries.

Keywords:
colic managementequine gastrointestinal tracthorse laparoscopytyphlotomyvideo-assisted surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Surgery
  • Equine Medicine
  • Minimally Invasive Techniques

Background:

  • Equine cecal access is crucial for therapies like fluid administration and transfaunation.
  • Conventional laparotomy for cecal access is highly invasive and carries significant risks.
  • A need exists for less invasive methods to access the equine cecum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a minimally invasive, laparoscopically assisted technique for cecal cannulation in standing horses.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of this novel approach for long-term cecal access.

Main Methods:

  • The procedure involved standing sedation and paravertebral anesthesia in seven horses.
  • Two right flank accesses were created: a laparoscopic port for visualization and a minilaparotomy for exteriorization.
  • A Foley catheter was inserted via typhlotomy and secured, followed by clinical monitoring and intracecal fluid therapy.

Main Results:

  • The technique was successful in 85.7% of horses, with the catheter remaining functional for 22 days.
  • Horses maintained normal physiological parameters, with no leakage or systemic complications.
  • One fatality due to peritonitis underscored the need for a 24-48 hour recovery period before high-volume infusions.

Conclusions:

  • The standing laparoscopic technique offers a safe and practical method for long-term cecal access in horses.
  • This approach significantly reduces surgical trauma compared to laparotomy.
  • It facilitates repeated therapeutic interventions for equine gastrointestinal conditions such as impaction and dysbiosis.