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Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction01:05

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It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a...
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In multiple dimensions, the conservation of momentum applies in each direction independently. Hence, to solve collisions in multiple dimensions, we should write down the momentum conservation in each direction separately. To help understand collisions in multiple dimensions, consider an example.
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When two objects come in direct contact with each other, it is called a collision. During a collision, two or more objects exert forces on each other in a relatively short amount of time. A collision can be categorized as either an elastic or inelastic collision. If two or more objects approach each other, collide and then bounce off, moving away from each other with the same relative speed at which they approached each other, the total kinetic energy of the system is said to be conserved. This...
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When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
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How cross section fluctuations affect multiplicity and geometry in pA collisions.

Chiara Le Roux1

  • 1Department of Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14A, S22362 Lund, Sweden.

The European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields
|January 26, 2026
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Summary

A new Monte Carlo Glauber model for proton-nucleus (pA) collisions utilizes KMR/SHRiMPS cross sections. This model accurately describes multiplicity distributions and enhances the anisotropy of wounded nucleons in pA collisions.

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Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Nuclear Physics
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • Proton-nucleus (pA) collisions are crucial for understanding nuclear matter.
  • Existing models for pA collisions require further refinement to accurately describe experimental data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new Monte Carlo Glauber model for pA collisions.
  • To incorporate state-of-the-art hadronic cross sections from the KMR model (SHRiMPS) into the Glauber framework.
  • To investigate the impact of these cross sections on multiplicity distributions and spatial anisotropy.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Monte Carlo Glauber model.
  • Utilizing hadronic cross sections calculated by the KMR model, implemented in the SHRiMPS module of the SHERPA event generator.
  • Comparing model results with a Black Disk model and a color fluctuation model.

Main Results:

  • The KMR/SHRiMPS cross sections provide excellent descriptions of multiplicity distributions in pA collisions.
  • The model exhibits a long tail in the wounded nucleon distribution.
  • The model increases the anisotropy in the spatial distribution of wounded nucleons.

Conclusions:

  • The new Monte Carlo Glauber model, using KMR/SHRiMPS cross sections, offers a significant improvement for describing pA collisions.
  • The model's ability to capture multiplicity distributions and enhance spatial anisotropy is vital for understanding initial states in pA collisions.
  • The framework is readily generalizable to nucleus-nucleus (A+A) collisions.