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Control of Cytocompatible Metallic and Polymeric Wrinkle Morphologies Using Programming via Printing (PvP).
Johnson N Agyapong1,2, Teng Zhang1,3, James H Henderson1,2
1Bioinspired Syracuse: Institute for Materials and Living Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.
ACS Omega
|January 26, 2026
Summary
Researchers developed an accessible 3D printing method to create shape-memory polymer (SMP) substrates that generate tunable surface wrinkles. This technique enables control over wrinkle patterns for potential cell studies.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Polymer Science
- Surface Engineering
Background:
- Mechanical instability-driven wrinkling on compliant substrates like shape-memory polymers (SMPs) allows for controlled surface topography.
- Existing methods for wrinkle generation on SMPs often require expensive and complex mechanical actuation systems.
- There is a need for accessible and democratizable strategies to produce diverse wrinkle patterns.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a facile and accessible method for fabricating SMP substrates capable of generating tunable surface wrinkles.
- To investigate the relationship between substrate architecture and resulting wrinkle morphology.
- To assess the cytocompatibility of the fabricated wrinkled surfaces.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a hobbyist 3D printer and a programming via printing (PvP) approach for single-step SMP fabrication.
- Controlled uniaxial and biaxial contraction by adjusting nozzle temperature and the number of orthogonal layers.
- Coated substrates with gold or polystyrene and triggered shape-memory effects to induce wrinkling, characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Main Results:
- Fabricated SMP substrates exhibited controlled uniaxial contraction (up to 40%) and Poisson expansion (up to 15%).
- The number of orthogonal layers influenced strain, transitioning wrinkle patterns from aligned to complex 2D postbuckling structures.
- Wrinkled surfaces demonstrated high cell viability (>90%) for C3H10T1/2 cells.
Conclusions:
- A convenient and democratizable 3D printing strategy was established for generating diverse surface wrinkle patterns on SMPs.
- The method allows for precise control over wrinkle morphology, from simple aligned to complex 2D patterns.
- The resulting wrinkled surfaces are cytocompatible, indicating potential applications in cell studies and tissue engineering.
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