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|January 26, 2026
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Summary

Implementing Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) in health professions education involves varied costs. Standardized reporting is crucial for sustainable, cost-effective implementation, especially in resource-limited settings.

Keywords:
Objective Structured Clinical Examinationcompetency-based evaluationeducational costshealth professions educationscoping reviewsimulation training

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Health Professions Education
  • Educational Assessment

Background:

  • Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are widely used for assessing clinical skills in health professions education.
  • Understanding the economic implications of OSCE implementation is vital for resource allocation and sustainability.
  • Previous analyses have not comprehensively reviewed the economic components across diverse OSCE formats and settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review of the economic components associated with implementing OSCEs in health professions education.
  • To identify key cost categories, cost variations, and factors influencing OSCE implementation expenses.
  • To explore the economic differences between traditional, online, and hybrid OSCE modalities.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic scoping review methodology was employed.
  • Searched multiple databases for studies published between 1986 and 2024.
  • Included 49 studies encompassing various countries, professions, and simulation modalities, analyzing reported cost data.

Main Results:

  • Key cost categories identified: standardized patients, evaluator compensation, infrastructure, logistics, and digital resources.
  • Reported costs varied significantly, from <$7 to >$150,000 per cycle.
  • In-person OSCEs had higher operational costs; online/hybrid formats required initial infrastructure investment but offered scalability and potential cost containment.

Conclusions:

  • Significant inconsistencies in cost definitions and reporting hinder cross-study comparability.
  • There is an urgent need for standardized economic frameworks and reporting tools for OSCEs.
  • Context-sensitive strategies are essential for sustainable OSCE implementation, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.