Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

20.9K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
20.9K
Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

62.4K
A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
62.4K
Free Energy and Equilibrium02:56

Free Energy and Equilibrium

27.2K
The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
Recall that Q is the numerical value of the mass action...
27.2K
Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation01:33

Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation

7.8K
Aldol condensation is an acid or base-catalyzed condensation between aldehydes or ketones to give an α,ꞵ-unsaturated carbonyl compound. A base-promoted condensation between ester molecules to produce a ꞵ-ketoester is known as the Claisen condensation. In the presence of a base, both reactions involve deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen to produce the corresponding enolates. The nucleophilic enolates attack their respective nonenolized carbonyl compound forming a tetrahedral...
7.8K
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

37.9K
The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
37.9K
Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

21.8K
Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
21.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nonthermal Effect of Microwave Irradiation on the Molecular Level: Emergence of Coherent Subterahertz Vibrations of Hydration Water in Reverse Micelles.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2025
Same author

Freezing of Water Solvation Dynamics in Nanoconfinement by Reverse Micelles at Room Temperature.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2024
Same author

Anomalously Large Heat Generation of Hydration Water under Microwave Irradiation.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2024
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
09:37

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

Published on: August 26, 2019

6.1K

Terahertz Vibrational Condensation in Out-of-Equilibrium Nanoscale Reverse Micelles.

Hiroshi Murakami1

  • 1Institute for Quantum Life Science and Kansai Institute for Photon Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kyoto 619-0215, Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Microwave irradiation induces terahertz (THz) spectral changes in interfacial water within nanoscale reverse micelles. This suggests coherent vibrations and potential biological implications for water under electromagnetic fields.

More Related Videos

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles
09:57

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

Published on: December 23, 2016

9.3K
Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
10:54

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

15.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
09:37

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

Published on: August 26, 2019

6.1K
A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles
09:57

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

Published on: December 23, 2016

9.3K
Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
10:54

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

15.3K

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Interfacial water exhibits unique properties distinct from bulk water.
  • Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy probes collective molecular motions in condensed phases.
  • Microwave irradiation can influence water dynamics and thermodynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the THz absorption spectra of interfacial water in nanoscale reverse micelles under microwave irradiation.
  • To explore the phenomenon of terahertz vibrational condensation in this system.
  • To understand the influence of microwave energy on water dynamics at interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • In situ terahertz absorption spectroscopy at 2.45 GHz.
  • Utilizing nanoscale reverse micelles as a model system for interfacial water.
  • Comparing spectra under microwave irradiation with those in thermal equilibrium.

Main Results:

  • Observed a spectral transition at ~0.32 THz for interfacial water.
  • Noted enhanced spectral amplitude, narrowing, and a shift to lower frequencies under microwave power.
  • Demonstrated spectral narrowing to ~5 GHz, implying coherent vibrations lasting at least 200 ps.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the concept of terahertz vibrational condensation induced by microwave irradiation.
  • Condensation likely occurs in heat flow due to inhomogeneous temperature distribution.
  • The observed phenomena may have significant implications for biological systems and water's role therein.