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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Child Development
  • Social Policy

Background:

  • Child maltreatment has severe, lasting consequences on children's health and well-being.
  • Universal Pre-Kindergarten (UPK) programs are expanding nationwide.
  • Assessing UPK's potential as a population-level child maltreatment prevention strategy is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between full-time UPK programs and child protective services (CPS) investigation rates.
  • To leverage the implementation of New York City's "Pre-K for All" program for this examination.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study using county-year-child age-level data (2010-2019) from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System Child Files.
  • Comparison of CPS investigation rate trajectories for 4- and 8-year-old children before and after UPK implementation.
  • Difference-in-differences and event study methods were employed for analysis.

Main Results:

  • UPK implementation was linked to a decrease of 4.0 fewer CPS investigations per 1000 children aged 4 years, primarily due to reduced child neglect investigations.
  • Event study models indicated a progressive reduction in CPS investigations over time, reaching 8.0 fewer neglect investigations per 1000 children 2 years post-implementation.
  • Subgroup analyses revealed that reductions in neglect investigations were disproportionately concentrated among racial and ethnic minority populations, especially non-Hispanic Black children.

Conclusions:

  • UPK programs may be associated with decreased CPS involvement, particularly for child neglect.
  • UPK initiatives show potential in mitigating racial and ethnic disparities within the CPS system.
  • These findings suggest broader public health benefits of UPK, impacting children's well-being and informing policy decisions.