Synergistic Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease via Photobiomodulation and Liposomal Rosmarinic Acid Delivery

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current treatment strategies are largely symptomatic and fail to halt disease progression. This research work explores a novel dual-modal therapeutic strategy combining Photobiomodulation (PBM) using near-infrared (NIR) light with nanotechnology-enhanced delivery of Rosmarinic Acid (RA) for the treatment of PD. Building upon the findings of previous works, which established the neuroprotective potential of RA, this study extends its application to PD treatment through the development of RA-loaded liposomes (RA@LP) and their integration with NIR-induced PBM. As a noninvasive modality, NIR light has demonstrated efficacy in stimulating mitochondrial activity, promoting ATP production, and reducing oxidative stress through PBM mechanisms. In parallel, RA, a potent natural antioxidant, has been encapsulated within liposomal nanocarriers to enhance its stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery to affected neuronal tissues. The combined therapeutic platform of PBM and RA@LP is designed to eliminate endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby breaking the self-perpetuating cycle of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage underlying PD pathogenesis. We highlight in vitro investigations that demonstrate the synergistic effects of PBM and RA@LP on neuronal cells. The results indicate that this dual approach protects mitochondrial integrity and improves cellular viability under PD-like oxidative conditions. By broadening the scope to include in vitro analysis, the study provides deeper mechanistic insights into the cellular responses to light-based and nanomedicine therapies. This work presents a promising, noninvasive, and multitargeted strategy for PD treatment, with potential implications for translational research. Integrating phototherapy and nanotechnology represents a significant advancement in developing effective neuroprotective interventions.