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Related Concept Videos

Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...
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Heat Flow and Specific Heat01:12

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

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Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...
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Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction02:12

Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction

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Combustion, commonly known as burning, is a reaction in which a substance reacts with an oxidizing agent, which in most cases is molecular oxygen, to liberate energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. The heat of combustion is also known as the enthalpy of combustion. The energy released when one mole of a substance undergoes complete combustion at constant pressure is called molar heat of combustion. Combustion reactions are exothermic; that is, they release energy, and their ΔH sign...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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What is a Mode?01:07

What is a Mode?

25.9K
The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

27.6K
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography
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Mode-Specific versus Local Heating Effects in Infrared-Laser-Driven Reactions.

Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi1,2, Yong Rui Poh1, Zi-Jie Liu3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Controlling molecular reactivity with infrared lasers is challenging due to rapid energy redistribution. This study quantifies how laser-induced heating and vibrational assistance enhance reaction rates, with low-frequency modes showing substantial gains.

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Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Physics
  • Molecular Dynamics
  • Laser Chemistry

Background:

  • Controlling molecular reactivity using infrared lasers targets specific vibrational modes.
  • Rapid intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) limits precise energy control.
  • Advances in femtosecond laser technology enable revisiting laser-driven reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically quantify mode-specific assistance and laser-induced heating contributions to reaction rate enhancements.
  • To investigate the influence of activation barriers on rate enhancements.
  • To determine the impact of laser driving conditions on reaction rates.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of laser-driven molecular reactions.
  • Quantification of energy transfer pathways (IVR).
  • Analysis of reaction rate enhancements under varying conditions (pulsed vs. continuous-wave lasers, low- vs. high-barrier reactions).

Main Results:

  • Reactions with lower activation barriers show smaller relative rate enhancements.
  • Local heating dominates rate enhancement for low-barrier reactions; vibrational assistance is more prominent for high-barrier reactions.
  • Pulsed laser driving offers significantly greater rate enhancements than continuous-wave driving for equivalent absorbed power.
  • Substantial rate enhancements are achievable for low-frequency modes.

Conclusions:

  • Laser-induced heating and vibrational assistance both contribute to reaction rate enhancements.
  • The relative importance of these mechanisms depends on the reaction's activation barrier and solvent properties.
  • While overall rate enhancements are modest, specific conditions, particularly involving low-frequency modes, can yield significant increases.