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A unified framework for robust 3D watermarking based on feature integration.

Jianping Hu1, Minmin Dai1, Tianshuo Liang1

  • 1School of Sciences, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China.

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|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a versatile 3D watermarking framework that integrates embedded and non-embedded methods using feature integration. The novel approach enhances robustness and invisibility for digital rights management of 3D models.

Keywords:
3D watermarkingEmbedded watermarkingFeature integrationNon-embedded watermarkingUnified framework

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Digital Forensics
  • Information Security

Background:

  • Digital watermarking is crucial for protecting intellectual property in 3D models.
  • Existing methods often lack versatility, robustness, or invisibility.
  • A unified framework for both embedded and non-embedded 3D watermarking is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a unified framework for robust 3D embedded and non-embedded watermarking.
  • To enhance the invisibility and robustness of 3D watermarking techniques.
  • To enable seamless transition between embedded and non-embedded watermarking schemes.

Main Methods:

  • 3D model segmentation using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD).
  • Integration of explicit and implicit radial features to create robust feature images.
  • Adaptive embedding based on statistical characteristics for improved invisibility.
  • XOR operation for copyright-watermark key generation.
  • Voting strategy for combining multiple extracted watermarks to enhance robustness.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated superior performance in versatility, robustness, and invisibility.
  • Successfully segmented 3D models and generated robust feature images.
  • Achieved adaptive embedding, significantly improving watermarking invisibility.
  • Enabled extraction and combination of multiple watermarks for enhanced robustness.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed unified framework offers a versatile solution for 3D watermarking.
  • The feature integration approach significantly enhances robustness and invisibility.
  • The adaptive embedding strategy improves the imperceptibility of watermarked 3D models.