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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties
Published on: August 15, 2015
Effect of TiO2 doping on the structure and properties of lithium silicate-based glass-ceramics for potential dental
M A Marzouk1, R L Elwan2, A M Fayad1
1Glass Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir st.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt.
Abstract:
A series of glass samples with the nominal composition 65SiO2 - (22.5-x) Li2O - 12.5Al2O3 - xTiO2, where x varies as 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mol%, were synthesized using the conventional melt-quenching technique. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was utilized to identify crucial thermal transitions, which informed the process of fabricating corresponding glass-ceramic derivatives. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of three primary crystalline phases in the glass-ceramics: lithium disilicate (Li₂Si2O5), lithium aluminosilicate (LiAlSiO4), and brookite (TiO2). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) demonstrated that crystal growth increased in size and developed well-defined morphologies. Vickers microhardness testing indicated that TiO2-doped lithium silicate glasses and their glass-ceramic counterparts exhibit mechanical properties compatible with dental application requirements. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that increasing TiO2 content (2.5-10 mol%) shifted thermal transitions to higher temperatures, indicating improved thermal stability and a stronger glass network. Higher TiO2 also enhanced microhardness (5.02-5.93 GPa) and compressive strength (440-542 MPa), with further gains after heat treatment due to TiO2-induced crystallization of hard phases. Corresponding glass-ceramics showed increased hardness (5.51-7.27 GPa), compressive strength (492-583 MPa), and density (2.478-3.441 g/cm³), confirming the reinforcing and densifying effects of TiO2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results suggested that modifiers such as Li2O and TiO2 disrupt the SiO4 tetrahedral network by introducing non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) and weakening some bonds, thereby affecting network polymerization and structural rigidity. TiO₂ incorporation enhanced thermal stability, hardness, and compressive strength, with further gains after heat treatment due to TiO2-induced crystallization. FTIR analysis confirmed structural modifications promoting a stronger glass network. These improvements yield glass-ceramics with mechanical and thermal properties comparable to dental enamel, enhancing their suitability for restorative applications.
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