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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one...
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The Collision Theory
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Temperature-Dependent Chain Structures during Solution-Grown Crystallization via Atomic Force Microscopy.

Dingrui Wang1, Xiaobin Liang1, Ken Nakajima1

  • 1Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,  152-8552, Japan.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Investigating Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) crystallization with single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals temperature-dependent structural changes. High temperatures favor adjacent reentry structures, while low temperatures promote intermediate structures in polymer chain folding.

Keywords:
chain structurecrystallization mechanismsingle polymer chainsingle‐molecule force spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Semi-crystalline polymers like Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) are cost-effective and widely used.
  • Polymer crystallization behavior is highly sensitive to crystallization temperature (Tc).
  • Understanding single-chain folding is crucial for controlling polymer properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of crystallization temperature on single-chain folding structures in PEO.
  • To elucidate the relationship between temperature, chain folding, and aggregation structures.
  • To introduce a novel AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) method for studying polymer crystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-based Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy (SMFS) was employed.
  • Force-Volume (FV) mode enabled simultaneous measurement of single-chain forces and surface morphology.
  • Analysis of force-extension curves and morphological changes before/after SMFS provided molecular-level insights.

Main Results:

  • Crystallization temperature influences the type of chain folding structures formed in PEO.
  • Low temperatures favor intermediate structures, while high temperatures promote adjacent reentry structures.
  • Temperature does not alter the degree of chain folding (number of adjacent reentry folds) but affects aggregation structures due to surface free energy changes.

Conclusions:

  • AFM-based SMFS offers a new approach to study single-chain structural dynamics during polymer crystallization.
  • The findings provide insights into how crystallization temperature dictates molecular-level organization in semi-crystalline polymers.
  • Understanding these structures is key to tailoring polymer material properties.