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Updated: Jan 28, 2026
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Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
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Chemo-Enzymatic Route for Covalent Cellulose Fiber Dyeing.
Awilda Maccow1, Etienne Severac1, Sandrine Morel1
1Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 27, 2026
Summary
This study introduces a two-step chemo-enzymatic method for covalently attaching aminated dyes to cotton, offering a greener alternative to conventional textile dyeing processes.
Area of Science:
- Textile Chemistry
- Biocatalysis
- Sustainable Materials
Background:
- Conventional reactive dyeing uses hazardous chemicals, causing environmental and health issues.
- There is a need for sustainable dyeing methods with covalent dye fixation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To demonstrate a chemo-enzymatic process for grafting aminated dyes onto cotton surfaces.
- To evaluate the feasibility of covalent dye attachment using enzymes and reductive amination.
- To identify criteria for designing suitable dyes for this novel method.
Main Methods:
- Cotton fibers were oxidized using laccase/TEMPO to introduce carbonyl groups.
- Aminated dyes (rhodamine 123, acid red 33) were grafted via reductive amination.
- Covalent bonding was confirmed by LC-MS analysis after cellulase treatment.
Main Results:
- Successful covalent attachment of dyes to cotton fibers and fabrics was achieved.
- Acid red 33 demonstrated excellent color uniformity and fastness on cotton fabric.
- Criteria for dye design were identified by testing various dyes.
Conclusions:
- The chemo-enzymatic approach offers a viable method for covalent cotton dyeing.
- This process presents a step towards more sustainable textile coloration.
- Further research can optimize dye design and process conditions for broader application.
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