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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
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Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model

Published on: March 20, 2020

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Signalling Pathways and Inhibitors in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Current Progress

Amiya Das1,2, Viney Lather3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, NCR Campus, Delhi-NCR Campus, Delhi-Meerut Road, Modinagar-201204, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype lacking targeted therapies. Recent advances show promise with immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates, but challenges like tumor heterogeneity persist.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype, accounting for 15% of all breast cancer diagnoses.
  • TNBC is characterized by the absence of HER2, estrogen, and progesterone receptors, limiting targeted treatment options and primarily affecting younger women.
  • The disease's rapid progression, high recurrence rates, and propensity for metastasis contribute to a poor prognosis, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for Triple Negative Breast Cancer.
  • To highlight the potential of targeting dysregulated signaling pathways in TNBC.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions in TNBC treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical and molecular research findings on TNBC treatment.
  • Identification of dysregulated signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, MAPK/ERK) as therapeutic targets.
  • Evaluation of novel treatment modalities including immune checkpoint inhibitors and Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs).

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., Pembrolizumab) combined with chemotherapy show significant benefits in early-stage and metastatic TNBC.
  • Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) like sacituzumab govitecan demonstrate efficacy in advanced TNBC by delivering cytotoxic agents and improving progression-free survival.
  • Despite advancements, significant obstacles such as tumor heterogeneity and treatment resistance remain critical challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecule inhibitors and combination therapies offer beneficial effects for TNBC treatment.
  • Targeting dysregulated signaling pathways presents a promising avenue for developing new TNBC therapies.
  • Future research should focus on identifying predictive biomarkers and refining personalized treatment plans to improve outcomes for TNBC patients.
Keywords:
TNBCantibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)clinical trialscombination therapiesinhibitorssignalling pathways

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