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Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

861
Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.0K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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Porphyrin-Functionalized Graphene Nanoribbons in Solution Phase.

Yucheng Yin1, Fugui Xu1, Mateusz Wlazło2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Synergistic Chem-Bio Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We synthesized porphyrin-functionalized graphene nanoribbons (GNR-Por) with enhanced dispersibility and unique optoelectronic properties. This breakthrough enables solution-phase processing and opens new avenues for GNR applications in electronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Structurally defined graphene nanoribbons (sd-GNRs) offer promising optoelectronic properties.
  • Edge functionalization is key to tailoring GNR properties, but controlled synthesis remains a challenge.
  • Limited exploration of edge-functionalized GNRs hinders their application development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize solution-phase sd-GNRs functionalized with porphyrin groups at opposite edges (GNR-Por).
  • To investigate the impact of porphyrin functionalization on GNR geometry, dispersibility, and optoelectronic behavior.
  • To explore novel properties such as room-temperature phosphorescence in GNR-based materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of chevron-type sd-GNRs (0.94 nm width, 60 nm length) functionalized with porphyrin groups.
  • Characterization of GNR-Por dispersibility in organic solvents.
  • Measurement of charge scattering time and charge-carrier mobility.
  • Spectroscopic analysis of energy transfer from porphyrin to GNR backbone.
  • Investigation of solid-state photoluminescence, including phosphorescence.

Main Results:

  • Achieved single-ribbon dispersibility of GNRs in solution due to porphyrin-induced wavy geometry.
  • Demonstrated exceptionally high charge-carrier mobility (∼460 cm²/Vs) in the longest GNR variants.
  • Observed efficient energy transfer from porphyrin to GNR backbone (rate constant 6.7 ps⁻¹).
  • Reported room-temperature phosphorescence in the near-infrared window (lifetime 1.3 μs) for solid-state GNR-Por.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthesis enables solution-phase processing of GNRs, overcoming previous limitations.
  • Porphyrin edge functionalization confers unique wavy geometry, enhancing dispersibility and charge transport.
  • GNR-Por exhibits novel optoelectronic properties, including efficient energy transfer and room-temperature phosphorescence, expanding their potential applications.