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Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Bias01:22

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Diode: Forward bias01:20

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In semiconductor devices, diodes play a crucial role in directing current flow, and its operation is primarily categorized into forward bias and reverse bias. A diode is said to be forward-biased when its p-type region is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and its n-type region is linked to the negative terminal. This configuration reduces the potential barrier within the diode, allowing current to flow easily from the p to the n-type region.
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Biasing of FET01:22

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Biasing a Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) is crucial for setting operational parameters and ensuring efficient functioning in electronic circuits. JFETs are characterized by using a single carrier type in N-channel or P-channel configurations, where the channel is surrounded by PN junctions. These junctions are central to the device's ability to control current flow.
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Biasing of P-N Junction01:16

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The operation of a p-n junction diode involves various biasing conditions, including forward bias, reverse bias, and equilibrium.
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Related Experiment Video

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Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care
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Fairness, Consistency and Bias in the RACS General Surgery Fellowship Examination.

Douglas Stupart1, David Read2, Kirk Underwood3

  • 1Deakin University and University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Australia.

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|January 27, 2026
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Summary

This study assessed the General Surgery Fellowship Examination for bias. Results show the exam is consistent and reliable, with similar pass rates for male and female candidates, indicating no systemic gender bias.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training
  • Assessment and Evaluation

Background:

  • The General Surgery Fellowship Examination is a critical assessment for surgeons.
  • Evaluating examination consistency and reliability is essential for fair evaluation.
  • Concerns regarding potential systemic gender bias in high-stakes examinations necessitate investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the consistency and reliability of the General Surgery Fellowship Examination.
  • To determine if there is evidence of systemic gender bias in the examination results.
  • To analyze examiner marking patterns and inter-observer agreement.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective audit of examination marks from 2018-2022.
  • Analysis of candidate demographics and pass rates.
  • Calculation of inter-observer agreement and examiner marking consistency.

Main Results:

  • 811 candidates (33% female) examined, with an overall pass rate of 64%.
  • High inter-observer correlation (0.89) and consistent pass rates across years.
  • Similar pass rates for male (63%) and female (67%) candidates (p=0.20).

Conclusions:

  • The General Surgery Fellowship Examination demonstrates consistency and reliability.
  • No evidence of systemic gender bias was found in the examination.
  • The assessment process appears fair for all candidates.